Introduction
Cold-work tool steels which include D2, D3, D4, D5, and D7 steels are high-carbon, high-chromium steels. Apart from D3 steel all group D steels have 1% Mo and are air hardened. Type D3 steel is oil-quenched; though small sections can be gas quenched after austenitization using vacuum. As a result, tools made with type D3 steel tend to be brittle during hardening. Type D2 steel is the most commonly used steel among the group D steels. The D3 steels contain 1.5 to 2.35% of carbon and 12% of chromium.
Chemical Composition
The following table shows the chemical composition of D3 tool steels.
Element Content (%) C 2.00-2.35 Mn 0.60 Si 0.60 Cr 11.00–13.50 Ni 0.30 W 1.00 V 1.00 P 0.03 S 0.03 Cu 0.25 Physical Properties
Physical properties of D3 tool steels are given below:
Properties Metric Imperial Density 7.7 x 1000 kg/m3 0.278 lb/in3 Melting point 1421°C 2590°F Mechanical Properties
The mechanical properties of D3 steels are tabulated below:
Properties Metric Imperial Izod impact unnotched 28.0 J 20.7 ft-lb Poisson's ratio 0.27-0.30 0.27-0.30 Elastic modulus 190-210 GPa 27557-30457 ksi Thermal Properties
The following table shows the thermal properties of D3 steels.
Properties Conditions T (°C) Treatment Thermal expansion 12 x 10-6/ºC 20-100 -
Equivalent metals of D3 steel are:
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